BS 8110 Part 2 PDF Free Download: A Guide for Structural Engineers and Designers
If you are a structural engineer or a designer who works with concrete structures, you might be interested in downloading the pdf file of BS 8110 part 2, a British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. In this article, we will explain what BS 8110 part 2 is, why it is important, how you can download it for free, and how you can use it for your projects. We will also compare it with other standards, such as Eurocode 2 and BS 8110 part 1, and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we will provide some examples of applying BS 8110 part 2 for different types of structures and situations.
What is BS 8110 Part 2 and What Does It Cover?
BS 8110 is a withdrawn British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. It is based on limit state design principles, which means that the structure should be able to withstand all possible loads without exceeding certain limits of strength, stability, serviceability, durability, and fire resistance. Although BS 8110 was used for most civil engineering and building structures, bridges and water-retaining structures were covered by separate standards (BS 5400 and BS 8007).
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BS 8110 consists of three parts: Part 1 covers general rules and rules for buildings, Part 2 covers special circumstances, such as fire resistance, robustness, torsion, effective column height, non-linear methods, serviceability calculations, crack width, etc., and Part 3 covers design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams, rectangular columns, etc.
BS 8110 Part 2 was published in 1985 and was amended three times in 1989, 2001, and 2005. It gives recommendations for the design and construction of structural concrete that arise in special circumstances and are not covered in BS 8110 Part 1. It also gives guidance on ultimate limit state calculations and the derivation of partial factors of safety, serviceability calculations with emphasis on deflections under service loads, material properties for the calculation of curvature and stresses, calculation of crack width, and fire resistance.
Why is BS 8110 Part 2 Important for Structural Engineers and Designers?
BS 8110 Part 2 is important for structural engineers and designers because it provides a comprehensive and consistent framework for designing concrete structures that are safe, economical, durable, and aesthetically pleasing. It also reflects the advances in concrete technology, materials science, and structural analysis that have occurred since its publication. By following the recommendations of BS 8110 Part 2, structural engineers and designers can ensure that their concrete structures meet the requirements of various codes of practice, regulations, and clients' specifications.
Moreover, BS 8110 Part 2 is still widely used in many countries around the world, especially in former British colonies or regions that have adopted British standards as their national standards. For example, in Malaysia, BS 8110 Part How Can BS 8110 Part 2 Be Downloaded for Free?
BS 8110 Part 2 is a withdrawn British Standard, which means that it is no longer maintained or updated by the British Standards Institution (BSI). However, it is still available for purchase from the BSI website as a pdf file. The current price of the pdf file is 254.00 (as of June 2023). However, if you are looking for a free download of BS 8110 Part 2, you might be able to find it on some online platforms or websites that offer free access to various standards and documents. For example, you can try searching for BS 8110 Part 2 on Google Docs, Academia.edu, or Scribd. However, you should be aware that these sources may not be reliable, accurate, or legal, and that you should use them at your own risk and responsibility.
Alternatively, you can also access BS 8110 Part 2 for free through some libraries or academic institutions that have a subscription to the BSI Online Library. The BSI Online Library is a digital platform that provides access to over 97,000 British Standards and related publications. You can search for BS 8110 Part 2 on the BSI Online Library website and view it online or download it as a pdf file. However, you will need to have a valid login and password to access the BSI Online Library, which may require a membership fee or an affiliation with a library or an academic institution.
A Brief Summary of BS 8110 Part 2 Contents and Sections
BS 8110 Part 2 consists of six sections and four appendices. The sections are as follows:
Section
Title
Summary
1
General
This section covers the scope, definitions, symbols, notation, and references of BS 8110 Part 2.
2
Ultimate limit state calculations
This section covers the methods of analysis, partial factors of safety, design shear stress, torsion, punching shear, effective column height, non-linear methods, and prestressed concrete.
3
Serviceability calculations
This section covers the deflection calculations, curvature and stress calculations, crack width calculations, and durability considerations.
4
Fire resistance
This section covers the fire resistance requirements, methods of calculation, tabulated data, and fire tests.
5
Robustness
This section covers the robustness requirements, methods of assessment, and design measures.
6
Miscellaneous topics
This section covers the topics of lightweight aggregate concrete, high strength concrete, high alumina cement concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, and prestressing tendons.
The appendices are as follows:
Appendix
Title
Summary
A
Bibliography
This appendix lists the references cited in BS 8110 Part 2.
B
Torsion design charts for rectangular sections with longitudinal reinforcement only
This appendix provides design charts for calculating the torsional moment capacity and reinforcement area of rectangular sections with longitudinal reinforcement only.
C
This appendix provides design charts for calculating the torsional moment capacity and reinforcement area of rectangular sections with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
D
Effective column height
This appendix provides a method for calculating the effective column height for columns with different end conditions and bracing arrangements.
A Comparison of BS 8110 Part 2 with Other Standards such as Eurocode 2 and BS 8110 Part 1
BS 8110 Part 2 is not the only standard that can be used for the design and construction of concrete structures. There are other standards that have been developed or adopted by different countries or regions, such as Eurocode 2, which is a European Standard for the design of concrete structures, or BS 8110 Part 1, which is the first part of BS 8110 that covers general rules and rules for buildings. How does BS 8110 Part 2 compare with these other standards? What are the similarities and differences between them?
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One of the main similarities between BS 8110 Part 2 and Eurocode 2 is that they both use limit state design principles, which means that they both consider the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS) of the structure. They also both use partial factors of safety to account for the uncertainties and variations in the material properties, loads, dimensions, and analysis methods. However, there are also some differences between them, such as:
BS 8110 Part 2 uses a characteristic strength approach, which means that it uses a fixed value of the material strength that has a certain probability of being exceeded (usually 5%). Eurocode 2 uses a mean value approach, which means that it uses an average value of the material strength that is adjusted by a coefficient to account for the variability.
BS 8110 Part 2 uses a rectangular stress block to represent the stress distribution in the concrete section under compression. Eurocode 2 uses a parabolic-rectangular stress block, which is more realistic and accurate.
BS 8110 Part 2 uses empirical formulas to calculate the deflection and crack width of concrete members. Eurocode 2 uses more rational methods that are based on the curvature and strain distribution in the section.
BS 8110 Part 2 provides tabulated data and design charts for fire resistance calculations. Eurocode 2 provides more detailed methods and models for fire resistance calculations.
Another similarity between BS 8110 Part 2 and BS 8110 Part 1 is that they both belong to the same British Standard for concrete structures, which means that they both follow the same general rules and assumptions. They also both use similar notation, symbols, definitions, and references. However, there are also some differences between them, such as:
BS 8110 Part 2 covers special circumstances that are not covered in BS 8110 Part 1, such as fire resistance, robustness, torsion, effective column height, non-linear methods, serviceability calculations, crack width, etc.
BS 8110 Part 2 provides more guidance and recommendations for these special circumstances, while BS 8110 Part 1 provides more general rules and rules for buildings.
BS 8110 Part 2 is more comprehensive and detailed than BS 8110 Part 1, which means that it covers more topics and scenarios, but also requires more calculations and checks.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using BS 8110 Part 2 for Concrete Design
Using BS 8110 Part 2 for concrete design has its advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages are:
It is a well-established and widely used standard that has been proven to be reliable and effective for many concrete structures.
It is based on sound engineering principles and reflects the current state of knowledge and technology in concrete design.
It provides a consistent and comprehensive framework for designing concrete structures that are safe, economical, durable, and aesthetically pleasing.
It offers flexibility and choice for structural engineers and designers to select the most suitable methods and parameters for their projects.
Some of the disadvantages are:
It is a withdrawn British Standard, which means that it is no longer maintained or updated by the BSI. It may not reflect the latest developments or changes in concrete design.
It may not be compatible or consistent with other standards or regulations that are used or required in different countries or regions.
to apply and check, especially for complex or unusual structures or situations.
It may require more data and information than other standards, which may not be readily available or accurate.
Some Examples of Applying BS 8110 Part 2 for Different Types of Structures and Situations
To illustrate how BS 8110 Part 2 can be used for concrete design, here are some examples of applying it for different types of structures and situations:
Example 1: Design of a reinforced concrete beam under torsion
Suppose we want to design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam with a span of 6 m, a width of 300 mm, and a depth of 500 mm. The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m and a torsional moment of 50 kNm at the mid-span. The concrete grade is C30 and the steel grade is S460. How can we use BS 8110 Part 2 to design the beam?
First, we need to check the ultimate limit state (ULS) of the beam under bending, shear, and torsion. We can use the following steps:
Calculate the design bending moment (Md) and shear force (Vd) at the mid-span using the partial factors of safety for loads (γf) and materials (γm). Assume γf = 1.4 and γm = 1.15 for simplicity.
Md = γf w l / 8 = 1.4 20 6 / 8 = 189 kNm
Vd = γf w l / 2 = 1.4 20 6 / 2 = 84 kN
Calculate the design torsional moment (Td) at the mid-span using the partial factor of safety for loads (γf). Assume γf = 1.4 for simplicity.
Td = γf T = 1.4 50 = 70 kNm
Calculate the design shear stress (vd) and torsional stress (τd) at the mid-span using the effective depth (d) and width (b) of the section. Assume d = h - c - ϕ/2 = 500 - 40 - 16/2 = 442 mm and b = b' - c - ϕ/2 = 300 - 40 -16/2 = 242 mm, where h is the overall depth, c is the cover, and ϕ is the bar diameter.
vd = Vd / (b d) = 84 10 / (242 442) = 0.79 N/mm
τd = Td / (b d) = 70 10 / (242 442) = 0.15 N/mm
Compare the design shear stress (vd) and torsional stress (τd) with the design shear strength (vc) and torsional strength (τc) of the section. Use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 2 to calculate vc
and τc. Assume fcuk
= fcubd/γm = C30/1.5 = 20 N/mm^2, where f_cuk is the characteristic cube strength of concrete, f_cubd is the design cube strength of concrete, and gamma_m is the partial factor of safety for materials.
v_c = alpha_v x f_cuk^(1/3) x b x d^(1/3) / b x d, where alpha_v is a coefficient that depends on the amount of longitudinal reinforcement. Assume alpha_v = 0.79 for simplicity.
v_c = 0.79 20 242 442 / (242 442) = 0.67 N/mm
τc = ατ fcuk b d / (b d), where ατ is a coefficient that depends on the amount of longitudinal reinforcement. Assume ατ = 0.4 for simplicity.
τc = 0.4 20 242 442 / (242 442) = 0.07 N/mm
If vd > vc, provide shear reinforcement (stirrups) to resist the excess shear force. Use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 2 to calculate the area and spacing of the stirrups.
If τd > τc, provide torsional reinforcement (longitudinal and transverse bars) to resist the excess torsional moment. Use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 2 or Appendix B or C to calculate the area and spacing of the bars.
If vd vc and τd τc, no additional reinforcement is required for shear and torsion.
In this example, vd
= 0.79 N/mm^2 > v_c = 0.67 N/mm^2, so shear reinforcement is required. τ_d = 0.15 N/mm^2 > τ_c = 0.07 N/mm^2, so torsional reinforcement is also required.
To calculate the area and spacing of the shear reinforcement, use the formula: As,v/s = (vd
- v_c) x b x d / (f_y x gamma_m), where A_s,v is the area of one stirrup, s is the spacing of the stirrups, and f_y is the yield strength of the steel. Assume f_y = S460/1.15 = 400 N/mm^2 for simplicity.
A_s,v/s = (0.79 - 0.67) x 242 x 442 / (400 x 1.15) = 18 mm^2/m
If we use 8 mm diameter bars for the stirrups, A_s,v = π x (8/2)^2 = 50 mm^2, so s = A_s,v / (18 mm^2/m) = 2.8 m, which is too large. We need to reduce the spacing to a more practical value, such as s = 150 mm.
To calculate the area and spacing of the torsional reinforcement, use Appendix B or C of BS 8110 Part 2, depending on whether we use longitudinal reinforcement only or longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. In this example, we will use longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, so we will use Appendix C.
To use Appendix C, we need to calculate the following parameters: T_u/T_c, b/d, A_s/A_c, and f_y/f_cuk^(1/3), where T_u is the ultimate torsional moment, T_c is the ultimate torsional strength of the section without reinforcement, A_s is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement, and A_c is the area of concrete section.
T_u/T_c = T_d/gamma_m / T_c = 70 x 10^6/1.15 / (0.07 x 242 x 442^2) = 5.6
b/d = b / d = 242 / 442 = 0.55
A_s/A_c = A_s / (b x d) = ? / (242 x 442) [We need to assume a value for A_s first]
f_y/f_cuk^(1/3) = f_y / f_cuk^(1/3) = 400 / 20^(1/3) = 8.9
We can use these parameters to find the design charts in Appendix C that correspond to our section geometry and loading condition. For example, we can use Chart C1 for b/d = 0. 5, Chart C2 for b/d = 0.75, and Chart C3 for b/d = 1.0. We can also use Chart C4 for any value of b/d, but it is less accurate.
We can use these charts to find the values of As/Ac and As/s that will satisfy the torsional strength requirement. For example, if we assume As/Ac = 0.02, we can use Chart C1 to find As/s = 0.0035 for Tu/Tc = 5.6 and fy/fcuk = 8.9.
We can then calculate the area and spacing of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement using the formulas: As = As/Ac b d and s = As / (As/s).
As = 0.02 242 442 = 213 mm
s = 213 / (0.0035) = 60,857 mm, which is too large. We need to reduce the spacing to a more practical value, such as s = 150 mm.
If we use 16 mm diameter bars for the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, As = π (16/2) = 201 mm, which is close to the required value.
We can then check the bending and shear capacity of the section with the provided reinforcement using BS 8110 Part 1 Section 3.
If the section is adequate for bending and shear, we have completed the design of the beam under torsion. If not, we need to adjust the reinforcement or the section dimensions accordingly.
Example 2: Design of a prestressed concrete beam for fire resistance
Suppose we want to design a prestressed concrete beam with a span of 12 m, a width of 300 mm, and a depth of 600 mm. The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 40 kN/m and a prestressing force of 800 kN. The concrete grade is C40 and the steel grade is S500. The beam is required to have a fire resistance of 60 minutes. How can we use BS 8110 Part 2 to design the beam?
First, we need to check the ultimate limit state (ULS) and serviceability limit state (SLS) of the beam under normal temperature conditions. We can use BS 8110 Part 3 Section 8 to design the prestressed concrete beam using design charts or tables.
Then, we need to check the fire resistance of the beam under elevated temperature conditions. We can use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 4 to calculate the fire resistance of the beam using methods or tabulated data.
We can use the following steps:
Determine the fire exposure condition of the beam. Assume that the beam is exposed to fire on three sides (bottom and two sides) and has a minimum cover of 40 mm.
Determine the critical temperature of the concrete and steel. Use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 4 Table 4 to find the critical temperature for different types of concrete and steel based on their strength and stress level. Assume that the concrete has a strength class of C40/50 and a stress level of 0.4fcubd/γm, where fcubd/γm is the design cube strength of concrete divided by the partial factor of safety for materials (γm). Assume that the steel has a strength class of S500/1.15 and a stress level of 0.6fybd/γm, where fybd/γm is the design yield strength of steel divided by the partial factor of safety for materials (γm). Assume γm = 1.15 for simplicity.
The critical temperature for concrete is Tc,crit = 500C.
The critical temperature for steel is Ts,crit = 550C.
Determine the fire resistance time of the beam. Use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 4 Table 5 to find the fire resistance time for different types of concrete and steel based on their critical temperature and fire exposure condition. Assume that the concrete has a density of 2400 kg/m and a moisture content of 3%.
The fire resistance time for concrete is Rc = 60 minutes.
The fire resistance time for steel is Rs = 60 minutes.
Compare the fire resistance time of the beam with the required fire resistance time. If Rc Rreq and Rs Rreq, where Rreq is the required fire resistance time, the beam is adequate for fire resistance. If not, we need to increase the cover, reduce the stress level, or use a different type of concrete or steel.
In this example, Rc = Rs = 60 minutes, which is equal to the required fire resistance time of 60 minutes. Therefore, the beam is adequate for fire resistance.
We can then check the serviceability limit state (SLS) of the beam under elevated temperature conditions. Use BS 8110 Part 2 Section 4 Table 6 to find the reduction factors for modulus of elasticity, creep coefficient, and thermal expansion coefficient of concrete and steel at different temperatures. Use these factors to calculate the deflection and crack width of the beam under fire load. Compare them with the allowable values.
If the deflection and crack width are within the allowable limits, we have completed the design of the beam for fire resistance. If not, we need to adjust the reinforcement or the section dimensions accordingly.
Conclusion
In this article, we have explained what BS 8110 Part 2 is, why it is important, how it can be downloaded for free, and how it can be used for concrete design. We have also compared it with other standards, such as Eurocode 2 and BS 8110 Part 1, and discussed its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we have provided some examples of applying BS 8110 Part 2 for different types of structures and situations.
We hope that this article has been helpful and informative for you. If you are interested in downloading the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 or learning more about it and its applications, you can visit the following links:
[BSI website] - You can purchase the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 from the BSI website.
[BSI Online Library] - You can access the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 for free through some libraries or academic institutions that have a subscription to the BSI Online Library.
[Google Docs], [Academia.edu], or [Scribd] - You can try searching for BS 8110 Part 2 on these online platforms or websites that offer free access to various standards and documents. However, you should be aware that these sources may not be reliable, accurate, or legal, and that you should use them at your own risk and responsibility.
[Concrete Centre] - You can find more resources and examples of BS 8110 Part 2 and its applications on this website that provides technical guidance and information on concrete design and construction.
Thank you for reading this article. We hope that you have learned something new and useful. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to leave a comment below. We would love to hear from you!
FAQs
What are the main differences between BS 8110 Part 2 and Eurocode 2?
The main differences between BS 8110 Part 2 and Eurocode 2 are:
BS 8110 Part 2 uses a characteristic strength approach, which means that it uses a fixed value of the material strength that has a certain probability of being exceeded (usually 5%). Eurocode 2 uses a mean value approach, which means that it uses an average value of the material strength that is adjusted by a coefficient to account for the variability.
BS 8110 Part 2 uses a rectangular stress block to represent the stress distribution in the concrete section under compression. Eurocode 2 uses a parabolic-rectangular stress block, which is more realistic and accurate.
BS 8110 Part 2 uses empirical formulas to calculate the deflection and crack width of concrete members. Eurocode 2 uses more rational methods that are based on the curvature and strain distribution in the section.
BS 8110 Part 2 provides tabulated data and design charts for fire resistance calculations. Eurocode 2 provides more detailed methods and models for fire resistance calculations.
How can I access the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 for free?
You can access the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 for free through some online platforms or websites that offer free access to various standards and documents, such as Google Docs, Academia.edu, or Scribd. However, you should be aware that these sources may not be reliable, accurate, or legal, and that you should use them at your own risk and responsibility. Alternatively, you can also access the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 for free through some libraries or academic institutions that have a subscription to the BSI Online Library. You will need to have a valid login and password to access the BSI Online Library, which may require a membership fee or an affiliation with a library or an academic institution.
What are the limitations and challenges of using BS 8110 Part 2?
Some of the limitations and challenges of using BS 8110 Part 2 are:
It is a withdrawn British Standard, which means that it is no longer maintained or updated by the BSI. It may not reflect the latest developments or changes in concrete design.
It may not be compatible or consistent with other standards or regulations that are used or required in different countries or regions.
It may be complex and tedious to apply and check, especially for complex or unusual structures or situations.
It may require more data and information than other standards, which may not be readily available or accurate.
How can I learn more about BS 8110 Part 2 and its applications?
You can learn more about BS 8110 Part 2 and its applications by visiting the Concrete Centre website, which provides technical guidance and information on concrete design and construction. You can also find more resources and examples of BS 8110 Part 2 on the BSI website or the BSI Online Library. Additionally, you can consult some books or journals that cover BS 8110 Part 2 and its applications, such as:
[Design of Prestressed Concrete to BS 8110-1:1997] by R. I. Gilbert and C. M. Mickleborough
[Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry and Timber Designs to British Standards and Eurocodes] by Chanakya Arya
[Fire Design of Concrete Structures in Accordance with CEB/FIP Model Code 90 (CEB Bulletins)] by Comite Euro-International du Beton
[Structural Engineer's Pocket Book: British Standards] by Fiona Cobb
Where can I find more resources and examples of BS 8110 Part 2?
You can find more resources and examples of BS 8110 Part 2 on the following links:
[BSI website] - You can purchase the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 from the BSI website.
[BSI Online Library] - You can access the pdf file of BS 8110 Part 2 for free through some libraries or academic institutions that have a subscription to the BSI Online Library.
[Google Docs], [Academia.edu], or [Scribd] - You can try searching for BS 8110 Part 2 on these online platforms or websites that offer free access to various standards and documents. However, you should be aware that these sources may not be reliable, accurate, or legal, and that you should use them at your own risk and responsibility.
[Concrete Centre] - You can find more resources and examples of BS 8110 Part 2 and its applications on this website that provides technical guidance and information on concrete design and construction.
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